Contributors
Conception and DGS data: Sam Bigeard, Marc Schulder, Maria Kopf and Thomas Hanke (Institute of German Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf (IDGS), University of Hamburg, Germany)
GSL data: Kiriaki Vasilaki, Anna Vacalopoulou, Theodor Goulas, Athanasia–Lida Dimou, Stavroula–Evita Fotinea and Eleni Efthimiou (Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP), Athena Research Center, Greece)
BSL data: Neil Fox and Kearsy Cormier (Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre (DCAL), University College London, United Kingdom)
NGT data: Onno Crasborn and Lianne Westenberg (Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Netherlands)
DSGS data: Sarah Ebling and Laure Wawrinka (Department of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Switzerland)
STS data: Johanna Mesch and Thomas Björkstrand(Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Sweden)
PJM data: Anna Kuder (Department of Linguistics, University of Cologne, Germany) and Joanna Wójcicka (Institute of Applied Linguistics, Warsaw University, Poland)
Funding
This work has been supported by the EASIER (Intelligent Automatic Sign Language Translation) project. EASIER has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement n° 101016982.
This work has in part been produced in the context of the joint research funding of the German Federal Government and Federal States in the Academies’ Programme, with funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. The Academies’ Programme is coordinated by the Union of the Academies of Sciences and Humanities.
Licence
Please consult the licences of the external resources listed below if you wish to use data regarding the signs and/or synsets themselves. This licence concerns only the links made between synsets ID and signs ID. Those links are distributed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0. This license lets you remix, adapt, and build upon this work non-commercially, as long as you credit the Multilingual Sign Language Wordnet and license your new creations under identical terms.
External Resources
The Multilingual Sign Language Wordnet builds on a number of existing resources. This includes several lexical resources for sign languages as well as other wordnets. The Wordnet contains manually verified data. As such, it does not automatically keep up to date with these resources. Please consult them directly for more recent data.
Sign Language Resources
These are the lexical resources that the sign entries of the Multilingual Sign Language Wordnet refer to. The video files integrated into the wordnet are hosted by the respective lexical resources and are embedded with the kind permission of the resource creators.
German Sign Language (DGS)
- Public DGS Corpus, 3rd release
Last accessed in December 2023
Konrad, R., Hanke, T., Langer, G., Blanck, D., Bleicken, J., Hofmann, I., Jeziorski, O., König, L., König, S., Nishio, R., Regen, A., Salden, U., Wagner, S., Worseck, S., Böse, O., Jahn, E., Schulder, M. 2020. MEINE DGS – annotiert. Öffentliches Korpus der Deutschen Gebärdensprache, 3. Release / MY DGS – annotated. Public Corpus of German Sign Language, 3rd release [Dataset]. Universität Hamburg. URL: https://doi.org/10.25592/dgs.corpus-3.0
- DW-DGS – Digitales Wörterbuch DGS
Last accessed in December 2023
Langer, G., Müller, A., Wähl, S., Otte, F., Sepke, L, Hanke, T. Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Gebärdensprache. Das korpusbasierte Wörterbuch DGS – Deutsch. [Dataset: Living document]. Universität Hamburg. URL: https://doi.org/10.25592/dgs.dwdgs
Greek Sign Language (GSL)
- The NOEMA+ dictionary
Last accessed in March 2023
Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Athanasia-Lida Dimou, Theodoros Goulas, Panagiotis Karioris, Kiki Vasilaki, Anna Vacalopoulou, and Michalis Pissaris. 2016. From a sign lexical database to an SL golden corpus – the POLYTROPON SL resource. In Eleni Efthimiou, et al., editors, Proceedings of the LREC2016 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining, pages 63–68, Portorož, Slovenia. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). URL: https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/16003.pdf - The POLYTROPON Parallel Corpus
Last accessed in March 2023
Eleni Efthimiou, Kiki Vasilaki, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Anna Vacalopoulou, Theodoros Goulas, and Athanasia-Lida Dimou. 2018. The POLYTROPON parallel corpus. In Mayumi Bono et al., editors, Proceedings of the LREC2018 8th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Involving the Language Community, pages 39–44, Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). URL: https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/18043.pdf
British Sign Language (BSL)
- The BSL SignBank
Last accessed in June 2022
Jordan Fenlon, Kearsy Cormier, Ramas Rentelis, Adam Schembri, Katherine Rowley, Robert Adam, and Bencie Woll. 2014. BSL SignBank: A lexical database of British Sign Language (First Edition). London: Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London. URL: https://bslsignbank.ucl.ac.uk/
Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT)
- Nederlandse Gebarentaal via Global Signbank
Last accessed in January 2023
Onno Crasborn, Richard Bank, Inge Zwitserlood, Els van der Kooij, Ellen Ormel, Johan Ros, Anique Schüller, Anne de Meijer, Merel van Zuilen, Yassine Ellen Nauta, Frouke van Winsum, and Max Vonk. 2020. NGT dataset in Global Signbank. Nijmegen: Radboud University, Centre for Language Studies. ISLRN: 976-021-358-388-6, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2839.1446.
French Sign Language (LSF)
- Dictasign
Last accessed in June 2023
Matthes S., Hanke T., Regen A., Storz J., Worseck S., Efthimiou E., Dimou A.-L., Braffort A., Glauert J. and Safar. E. 2012. Dicta-Sign – Building a Multilingual Sign Language Corpus. In Crasborn et al. (Eds.), LREC 2012, Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon, Istanbul, Turkey
Swiss-German Sign Language (DSGS)
- Multimedia bilingual database for the lexicon of Swiss German Sign Language(Lexical data courtesy of Penny Boyes Braem and University of Zurich. Video materials courtesy of University of Zurich.)
Last accessed in February 2024
Boyes Braem, Penny. 2001. A multimedia database for the lexicon of Swiss German Sign Language. Sign Language & Linguistics. 4:1/2, 133–143.
Swedish Sign Language (STS)
- Swedish Sign Language Dictionary
Last accessed in October 2023
Svenskt teckenspråkslexikon. 2023. Swedish Sign Language Dictionary online. Lexical resource. Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University. URL: https://teckensprakslexikon.su.se
Polish Sign Language (PJM)
- Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language
Last accessed in May 2023
Joanna Łacheta, Małgorzata Czajkowska-Kisil, Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz, and Paweł Rutkowski. 2016. Korpusowy słownik polskiego języka migowego/Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language. Faculty of Polish Studies, University of Warsaw. URL: http://www.slownikpjm.uw.edu.pl
Wordnets
The Multilingual Sign Language Wordnet builds on and integrates with the synset entries of the following other wordnets:
- Open Multilingual Wordnet
- Francis Bond and Kyonghee Paik. 2012. A Survey of WordNets and their Licenses. In Proceedings of the 6th Global WordNet Conference, pages 64–71, Matsue, Japan. URL: https://bond-lab.github.io/pdf/2012-gwc-wn-license.pdf
- Francis Bond, Piek Vossen, John Philip McCrae, and Christiane Fellbaum. 2016. CILI: the Collaborative Interlingual Index. In Proceedings of the Eighth Global WordNet Conference, pages 50–57, Bucharest, Romania. URL: https://aclanthology.org/2016.gwc-1.9.pdf
- Germanet
Birgit Hamp and Helmut Feldweg. 1997. GermaNet - a Lexical-Semantic Net for German. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for NLP Applications, pages 9–15, Madrid, Spain. Association for Computational Linguistics. URL: https://aclanthology.org/W97-0802.pdf