@inproceedings{moreau:12021:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Moreau, C{\'e}dric},
  title     = {A conceptual approach in sign language classification for concepts network},
  pages     = {131--136},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2012} 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon},
  maintitle = {8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2012)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Istanbul, Turkey},
  day       = {27},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/12021.html},
  abstract  = {Most websites presuppose a conceptual equivalence between a written word and a sign. In such tools, signs which don't have strict written equivalent lexicons cannot be found. The collaborative website OCELLES project LSF/French tries to give the opportunity to obtain several signs for a unique concept, with the possibility of uploading a sign without being constrained by written language. Although word checking in a written text is quite easy, it is not the case for sign checking in a video. Today studies are carried out in the field of gesture recognition, but all the sign language linguistic parameters cannot be considered as such. Indeed, they have to be used simultaneously during communication interactions. Our approach based upon the semiological Cuxac model (Cuxac, 2000) and Thom morphogenesis theory (Thom, 1973), could help to find a sign in a sign dictionary without using any written language.}
}

@inproceedings{moreau:10045:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Moreau, C{\'e}dric and Mascret, Bruno},
  title     = {Organizing data in a multilingual observatory with written and signed languages},
  pages     = {168--171},
  editor    = {Dreuw, Philippe and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Johnston, Trevor and Mart{\'i}nez Ruiz, Gregorio and Schembri, Adam},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2010} 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies},
  maintitle = {7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2010)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Valletta, Malta},
  day       = {22--23},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/10045.html},
  abstract  = {The Acadmie Fran{\c c}aise institution is assigned and devoted to defending the French language and to making it a common heritage for all French speakers. The French Sign Language (LSF) has never had such a support. To face this situation, a reference tool has been created, supported by the French Ministry of Education and by the General Delegation to the French language and to languages of France. This tool is a collaborative website entirely bilingual French and LSF, and which proposes for each concept at least one definition and its associated descriptors in various knowledge fields. Before being spread on-line, the information given by users (text, picture, video, presentation) is examined by experts on form and content, and is validated or rejected by these experts with an explanation.
\par
Considering regional and sociological differences, several signs may be proposed and validated for one concept. Our project does not wish to choose the ''ideal sign'', but wants to submit to our identified users all the proposals and to list their comments (have they come across this sign and if so, in which context). A set of information is thus collected for each sign and can be related to users profiles. The website is therefore an exchange platform, but can also be used as a linguistics observatory.
\par
One of our main issues concerning the data organization was to manage to adjust users different viewpoints and different uses of the website. Indeed, our platforms goal is not to make a simple dictionary but to create a network of ontologies. Our other issue is now that we cannot use a rigid organization model, because our website must constantly evolve and include new concepts and new descriptions or functionalities, such as illustrations, homonyms, antonyms, etc. In this article we will first briefly describe our platforms goals, then present our specific data organization which allows for example several classifications to be used simultaneously. We will illustrate this approachs interest with a critic of Deweys classification, that we had at first implemented despite its limits (acceding to a precise concept is difficult, the organization is not intuitive, recent concepts or specific LSF concepts cannot be referenced, etc.). We will propose to replace it with classifications directly created by our users and corresponding to their expectations and needs. This way the tree diagram is built gradually and supervised by experts in each knowledge field.
\par
Each content thus goes with descriptors and classifiers allowing it to play different parts depending on the context. Therefore a content can at the same time be a concept, a classification theme or sub-theme, or an illustration -- the context will mobilize the appropriate contents depending on their descriptors and classifiers. We will finally present our current work on integrating direct resources in LSF through descriptors defining a sign's spatial position and its moves (hands, body and face), in order to highlight our platforms great ability to evolve. We will also show that this data organization allows an easy conversion to other countries sign languages.}
}

@inproceedings{moreau:08021:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Moreau, C{\'e}dric and Mascret, Bruno},
  title     = {{LexiqueLSF}},
  pages     = {138--140},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Thoutenhoofd, Ernst D. and Zwitserlood, Inge},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2008} 3rd Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Construction and Exploitation of Sign Language Corpora},
  maintitle = {6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2008)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marrakech, Morocco},
  day       = {1},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/08021.html},
  abstract  = {The French Sign Language (LSF) was banned in 1880 from all teaching institutions. From then on, it continued expanding in an uncoordinated way throughout special schools. In 1991, a new French law allowed deaf people to choose a bilingual education (French and sign language), and since February 2005 each school is required to integrate every devoted child who wishes it, no matter his handicap. All public websites must also become accessible.
\par
With this new context, the LSF grows using regional differences, and users invent new signs to translate new concepts. However, the sign language cannot count on traditional media to spread out new expressions or words, since it is nor spoken nor written. Therefore the sign vocabulary differs depending on geographical and social situations, furthermore if the concept is specific and elaborate. The website LexiqueLSF wishes to propose users a contributing and efficient tool, allowing a large diffusion of new signs and concepts. A short analysis of the existing supports will lead us to present the main issues and to describe precisely the technical and linguistic solutions we chose, as well as some of the problems we met. This website must absolutely have a relevant and sharp classifying system, must be accessible to everyone, and offer new entries to satisfy all users. Likewise, all the elements composing the website should be considered as a concept in order to imagine complete accessibility to deaf people, and not only to blind people. We do not wish to make a simple dictionary.
\par
Our aim is to allow exchanges between users, to encourage them to invent and spread neologisms, and to make sure that the represented concepts are clear and understandable. Publishing a new notion requires to create a number of descriptors (in french and in sign language, illustrations, examples...) and to relate this notion to others already existing (opposite or similar concepts...). Each new sign proposed will be completely described, therefore it can easily be appropriated. A reliable, but not compulsory, validation system will guarantee only serious suggestions.
\par
Our production is thus very different from already existing paper or digital dictionaries, containing only everyday life vocabulary and almost no definitions, nor use examples. The best ones sort words according to the space location and configuration of the sign, but do not recognise morphological variations. Let us also observe that these dictionaries are not "bilingual" since they are accessible only to french speakers.
\par
According to C. Cuxac 2000, two discursive enunciation strategies co-exist in LSF: through the canal leading from the vision to the sign, you can either choose to say with or without showing. Meaning you can either "make see" your experience with a visually accurate sequence of signs, or you can use the standard signs having no physical resemblance with the experience you are describing. Referring to this theory, our research supposes to organise into a hierarchy all linguistic parameters used in signs as meaning elements.}
}