@inproceedings{bulla:26021:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Bulla, Jan and Kimmelman, Vadim},
  title     = {Processing Kinematics of Nonmanual Markers in {R}},
  pages     = {61--70},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2026} 12th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Language in Motion},
  maintitle = {15th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2026)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Palma, Mallorca, Spain},
  day       = {16},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2026},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-82-1},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/26021.html},
  doi       = {10.63317/35fyd7w2c7sm},
  abstract  = {Nonmanual markers, such as head and eyebrow movements, eye blinks, and mouth shapes, are an important part of natural languages, both spoken and signed. Recent developments in computer vision have made it possible to extract facial and body landmark positions, as well as head-rotation measures, from 2D video recordings, which can be further processed to analyse the kinematics of nonmanual articulators. In this paper, we present an R-based workflow for processing raw outputs of computer vision toolkits with the goal of producing reliable and interpretable kinematic measurements of nonmanual articulators.}
}

@inproceedings{susman:26023:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Susman, Margaux and Miquel Blasco, Carla and Bulla, Jan},
  title     = {Comparing Computer Vision Instruments for Eye Blink Analysis},
  pages     = {459--467},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2026} 12th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Language in Motion},
  maintitle = {15th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2026)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Palma, Mallorca, Spain},
  day       = {16},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2026},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-82-1},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/26023.html},
  doi       = {10.63317/2vzsgmq46vrk},
  abstract  = {We compared four tools for analyzing blink velocity and amplitude, examining how MediaPipe, OpenFace, InsightFace, and 3DDFA compare in terms of blink analysis. Building on previous findings that different tools yield different results (Kuznetsova and Kimmelman, 2024), we explored their fixed-effect estimates across linguistic versus non-linguistic blinks, within non-linguistic blinks (eye watering blinks versus gaze-direction-change blinks), and within linguistic blinks (prosodic/turn-taking blinks, sign-aligned/list-marking blinks and backchanneling blinks), while controlling for head pose (Pitch, Roll, Yaw). Using mixed-effects linear models on annotated French Sign Language data, we found tool-specific patterns: consistent negative effects for InsightFace and MediaPipe, but positive. effects for 3DDFA. In addition, the influence of head pose varied across models (Pitch is strongly positive in MediaPipe but negative in InsightFace and some 3DDFA models; Roll and Yaw also switch importance across tools). These discrepancies highlight methodological biases that can distort linguistic interpretations.}
}

@inproceedings{kimmelman:24009:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Kimmelman, Vadim and Price, Ari and Safar, Josefina and de Vos, Connie and Bulla, Jan},
  title     = {Nonmanual Marking of Questions in {Balinese} Homesign Interactions: a Computer-Vision Assisted Analysis},
  pages     = {168--177},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC-COLING} 2024 11th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Evaluation of Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC-COLING} 2024)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL)}},
  address   = {Torino, Italy},
  day       = {25},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-30-2},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/24009.html},
  doi       = {10.63317/5aur9arxz9vb},
  abstract  = {In recent years, both linguistic resources and computer-based tools have been developed that make it possible to investigate research questions that have not been studied before. In this study, we conduct a study of nonmanual question marking, using data from the Balinese Homesign Corpus -- a unique resource documenting language use in several Balinese homesigners. We further demonstrate how using OpenFace, a Computer-Vision solution, allows for quantitative analysis of head tilts used by these signers in marking questions. We also showcase a pilot statistical analysis of the dynamic kinetic contours of the head movements.}
}