@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:24,
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC-COLING} 2024 11th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Evaluation of Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC-COLING} 2024)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL)}},
  address   = {Torino, Italy},
  day       = {25},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-30-2},
  url       = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.signlang-1.pdf}
}

@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:22,
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC2022} 10th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Multilingual Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2022)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marseille, France},
  day       = {25},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2022},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-86-3},
  url       = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2022/workshops/signlang/2022.signlang-1.0.pdf}
}

@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:20,
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC2020} 9th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Sign Language Resources in the Service of the Language Community, Technological Challenges and Application Perspectives},
  maintitle = {12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2020)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marseille, France},
  day       = {16},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2020},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-54-2},
  url       = {https://lrec2020.lrec-conf.org/media/proceedings/Workshops/Books/SIGN2020book.pdf}
}

@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:18,
  editor    = {Bono, Mayumi and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna and Osugi, Yutaka},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC2018} 8th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Involving the Language Community},
  maintitle = {11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2018)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Miyazaki, Japan},
  day       = {12},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2018},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-01-6},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec2018/LREC2018_W1_SIGN-LANG_PROCEEDINGS.pdf}
}

@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:16,
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC2016} 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining},
  maintitle = {10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Portoro{\v z}, Slovenia},
  day       = {28},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2016/workshops/LREC2016Workshop-SignLanguage_Proceedings.pdf}
}

@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:14,
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC2014} 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel},
  maintitle = {9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2014)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Reykjavik, Iceland},
  day       = {31},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2014},
  url       = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/workshops/LREC2014Workshop-SignLanguage%20Proceedings.pdf}
}

@proceedings{lrec:sign-lang:12,
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  title     = {Proceedings of the {LREC2012} 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon},
  maintitle = {8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2012)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Istanbul, Turkey},
  day       = {27},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2012},
  url       = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/workshops/24.Proceedings_SignLanguage.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{mcdonald:24018:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {McDonald, John C. and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Wolfe, Rosalee},
  title     = {Multilingual Synthesis of Depictions through Structured Descriptions of Sign: An Initial Case Study},
  pages     = {153--162},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC-COLING} 2024 11th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Evaluation of Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC-COLING} 2024)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL)}},
  address   = {Torino, Italy},
  day       = {25},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-30-2},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/24018.html},
  abstract  = {Sign language synthesis systems must contend with an enormous variety of possible target languages across the world, and in many locations, such as Europe, the number of sign languages that can be found in a relatively limited geographical area can be surprising. For such a synthesis system to be widely useful, it must not be limited to only one target language. This presents challenges both for the linguistic models and the animation systems that drive these displays. This paper presents a case study for animating discourse in three target languages, French, Greek and German, generated directly from the same base linguistic description. The case study exploits non-lexical constructs in sign, which are more common among sign languages, while providing a first step for synthesizing those aspects that are different. Further, it suggests a possible path forward to exploring whether linguistic structures in one sign language can be exploited in other sign languages, which might be particularly helpful in under-resourced languages.}
}

@inproceedings{picron:24021:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Picron, Frankie and Van Landuyt, Davy and Omardeen, Rehana and Efthimiou, Eleni and Wolfe, Rosalee and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Goulas, Theodoros and Tismer, Christian and Kopf, Maria and Hanke, Thomas},
  title     = {The {EASIER} Mobile Application and Avatar End-User Evaluation Methodology},
  pages     = {175--180},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC-COLING} 2024 11th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Evaluation of Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC-COLING} 2024)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL)}},
  address   = {Torino, Italy},
  day       = {25},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-30-2},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/24021.html},
  abstract  = {Here we report on the methodological approach adopted for the end-user evaluation studies carried out during the lifecycle of the EASIER project, focusing on the project's mobile app and avatar technologies. Evaluation was performed in two cycles and involved both deaf signers' and hearing sign language (SL) experts' groups from five SLs to provide user feedback, which served as a reference to base the next development steps of the respective EASIER components. With this goal in mind, priorities were (i) to exploit information gathered via focus group discussions after (ii) presenting evaluators with the technological components and related questionnaires fully accessible to signers to maximize feedback and underline the importance of user involvement in the development of the technology.}
}

@inproceedings{schulder:24034:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Schulder, Marc and Bigeard, Sam and Kopf, Maria and Hanke, Thomas and Kuder, Anna and W{\'o}jcicka, Joanna and Mesch, Johanna and Bj{\"o}rkstrand, Thomas and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Vasilaki, Kyriaki and Goulas, Theodoros and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Efthimiou, Eleni},
  title     = {Signs and Synonymity: Continuing Development of the {Multilingual} {Sign} {Language} {Wordnet}},
  pages     = {281--291},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC-COLING} 2024 11th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Evaluation of Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC-COLING} 2024)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL)}},
  address   = {Torino, Italy},
  day       = {25},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-30-2},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/24034.html},
  abstract  = {The Multilingual Sign Language Wordnet is the first publicly available wordnet resource for sign languages. It is a growing multilingual resource providing data for eight sign languages to date. During the initial phase of its creation, the focus lay on producing the infrastructure to support various languages and to produce initial sets of content for them. This article represents the start of the second phase, in which the focus is moved to establishing overlapping coverage across the different sign languages. Building on the data produced so far, a new feature to assist annotation is introduced which leverages established partial synonymy between signs (inter- and cross-lingually) to discover likely additional synonymies. Other improvements to the annotation interface and workflow build directly on the experiences from the first phase. Working with the updated annotation interface, new data is produced for Polish Sign Language, Greek Sign Language and Swedish Sign Language.}
}

@inproceedings{bigeard:22036:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Bigeard, Sam and Schulder, Marc and Kopf, Maria and Hanke, Thomas and Vasilaki, Kyriaki and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Goulas, Theodoros and Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Efthimiou, Eleni},
  title     = {Introducing Sign Languages to a Multilingual Wordnet: Bootstrapping Corpora and Lexical Resources of {Greek} {Sign} {Language} and {German} {Sign} {Language}},
  pages     = {9--15},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2022} 10th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Multilingual Sign Language Resources},
  maintitle = {13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2022)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marseille, France},
  day       = {25},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2022},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-86-3},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/22036.html},
  abstract  = {Wordnets have been a popular lexical resource type for many years. Their sense-based representation of lexical items and numerous relation structures have been used for a variety of computational and linguistic applications. The inclusion of different wordnets into multilingual wordnet networks has further extended their use into the realm of cross-lingual research. Wordnets have been released for many spoken languages. Research has also been carried out into the creation of wordnets for several sign languages, but none have yet resulted in publicly available datasets. This article presents our own efforts towards an inclusion of sign languages in a multilingual wordnet, starting with Greek Sign Language (GSL) and German Sign Language (DGS). Based on differences in available language resources between GSL and DGS, we trial two workflows with different coverage priorities. We also explore how synergies between both workflows can be leveraged and how future work on additional sign languages could profit from building on existing sign language wordnet data. The results of our work are made publicly available.}
}

@inproceedings{koulierakis:20035:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Koulierakis, Ioannis and Siolas, Georgios and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Stafylopatis, Andreas-Georgios},
  title     = {Recognition of Static Features in Sign Language Using Key-Points},
  pages     = {123--126},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2020} 9th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Sign Language Resources in the Service of the Language Community, Technological Challenges and Application Perspectives},
  maintitle = {12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2020)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marseille, France},
  day       = {16},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2020},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-54-2},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/20035.html},
  abstract  = {In this paper we report on a research effort focusing on recognition of static features of sign formation in single sign videos. Three sequential models have been developed for handshape, palm orientation and location of sign formation respectively, which make use of key-points extracted via OpenPose software. The models have been applied to a Danish and a Greek Sign Language dataset, providing results around 96{\%}. Moreover, during the reported research, a method has been developed for identifying the time-frame of real signing in the video, which allows to ignore transition frames during sign recognition processing.}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:18046:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Kakoulidis, Panos and Goulas, Theodoros},
  title     = {Terminology Enrichment through Crowd Sourcing at {PYLES} Platform},
  pages     = {33--38},
  editor    = {Bono, Mayumi and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna and Osugi, Yutaka},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2018} 8th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Involving the Language Community},
  maintitle = {11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2018)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Miyazaki, Japan},
  day       = {12},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2018},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-01-6},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/18046.html},
  abstract  = {The Information System PYLES is a management system for on-line lessons, designed to support accesible asynchronous e-learning, addressing learning needs of students with various communication capabilities and needs at the  Technological Educational Institute of Athens (TEI-A). It, thus, exploits both uptodate assistive technology software and content in various forms.  This platform has been used as the basis for the development of an active repository of multimodal educational resources, also incorporating a terminology lexicon for the Greek Sign Language (GSL) and a general purpose dictionary of GSL. The platform provides advanced customization options according to user needs but also a collaborative environment for the support of teaching and learning processes.  The information system (http://eclassamea.teiath.gr/ ) is built on the open code platform `Open eClass' (http://www.openeclass.org/), a free e-learning platform that it actually enriches with tools and functionalities which allow extended accessibility regarding both the environment and the educational content.  Regarding customization to serve GSL signers' needs, the platform incorporates: -         Selected lesson presentations in GSL on the basis of deaf students' preferences regarding the curriculum offers -         An on line dictionary of general purpose lemma list -         An on line terminology glossary -         Administrative form related information in GSL  Following the Open eClass patern, three basic user roles are supported: (i) student, (ii) instructor, and (iii) administrator. However, the platform also supports special intermediary roles such as ``administrator assistant'', ``user administrator'', ``group leader'' and ``visitor''.  These roles serve among other functionalities, the options available for lexical material enrichment through crowd sourcing.  The GSL terminology environment allows for the creation of different glossaries directly by their users, where GSL signers are invited to upload their suggestions for various terms under specific quality control conditions.  Authorized users may enter new terminology items including the term definition and various supporting multimedia material (icons, video, text etc), while they can modify or completely delete entries. Furthermore, they can validate terms suggested by non authorized users to make them visible to the whole user community. Terminology enrichment actions incorporate: 1.          New lemma or new sense entry 2.          Modification of a lemma or a sense3.          Validation of a proposed lemma sense 4.          Communication or hiding of a lemma sense or a lemma description 5.          Linking of a lemma with a lemma in a different language (Greek and/or English)}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:18043:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Vasilaki, Kyriaki and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Goulas, Theodoros and Dimou, Athanasia-Lida},
  title     = {The {POLYTROPON} Parallel Corpus},
  pages     = {39--44},
  editor    = {Bono, Mayumi and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna and Osugi, Yutaka},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2018} 8th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Involving the Language Community},
  maintitle = {11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2018)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Miyazaki, Japan},
  day       = {12},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2018},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-01-6},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/18043.html},
  abstract  = {Here we present the POLYTROPON parallel corpus for the language pair Greek Sign Language (GSL) -- Greek, which is created and annotated aiming to serve as a golden corpus available to the community of SL technologies for experimentation with various approaches to SL processing, focusing on machine learning for SL recognition, machine translation (MT) and information retrieval. The corpus volume incorporates 3653 clauses in three repetitions each, captured in front view by means of one HD and one kinect camera. Corpus annotation has allowed to extract initial features sets with the aim to reach a GSL level of abstraction close to the one currently available for Greek language representations, exploiting the inherent characteristics of the language in view of applying initial deep learning experiments on GSL data, where both words and signs may be represented as vectors of characteristics which allow dependency tree structure representations of input text and signed clauses as those created by the use of Tree Editor TrEd 2.0.}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:16003:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Goulas, Theodoros and Karioris, Panagiotis and Vasilaki, Kyriaki and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Pissaris, Michalis},
  title     = {From a Sign Lexical Database to an {SL} Golden Corpus -- the {POLYTROPON} {SL} Resource},
  pages     = {63--68},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2016} 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining},
  maintitle = {10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Portoro{\v z}, Slovenia},
  day       = {28},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/16003.html},
  abstract  = {The POLYTROPON lexicon resource is being created in an attempt i) to gather and recapture already available lexical resources of Greek Sign Language (GSL) in an up-to-date homogeneous manner, ii) to enrich these resources with new lemmas, and iii) to end up with a multipurpose-multiuse resource which can be equally exploited in end user oriented educational/communication services and in supporting various SL technologies. The database that hosts the newly acquired resource, incorporates various SL oriented fields of information, including information on compounding, GSL synonyms, classifier qualities, lemma related senses, semantic groupings etc, and also lemma coding for their manual and non-manual articulation activity. It also provides linking of GSL and Modern Greek equivalent(s) lemma pairs to serve bilingual use purposes. A by-product of considerable value is the parallel corpus which derived from the GSL examples of use accompanying each lemma entry in the dictionary and their translations into Modern Greek. The annotation of the corpus for the entailed signs and assignment of respective glosses in combination with data capturing by both HD and Kinect cameras in three repetitions, allowed for the creation of a golden parallel corpus available to the community of SL technologies for experimentation with various approaches to SL recognition, MT and information retrieval.}
}

@inproceedings{dimou:14022:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Goulas, Theodoros and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita},
  title     = {Creation of a multipurpose sign language lexical resource: The {GSL} lexicon database},
  pages     = {37--42},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2014} 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel},
  maintitle = {9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2014)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Reykjavik, Iceland},
  day       = {31},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/14022.html},
  abstract  = {The GSL lexicon database is the first extensive database of Greek Sign Language (GSL) signs, created on the basis of knowledge derived from the linguistic analysis of natural signers{\'i} data. It incorporates a lemma list that currently includes approximately 6,000 entries and is intended to reach a total number of 10,000 entries within the next two years. The design of the database allows for classification of signs on the basis of their articulation features as regards both manual and non-manual elements. The adopted information management schema accompanying each entry provides for retrieval according to a variety of linguistic properties. In parallel, annotation of the full set of sign articulation features feeds more natural performance of synthetic signing engines and more effective treatment of sign language (SL) data in the framework of sign recognition and natural language processing.}
}

@inproceedings{dimou:12018:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Pitsikalis, Vassilis and Goulas, Theodoros and Theodorakis, Stavros and Karioris, Panagiotis and Pissaris, Michalis and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Efthimiou, Eleni and Maragos, Petros},
  title     = {A {GSL} continuous phrase corpus: Design and acquisition},
  pages     = {23--26},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2012} 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon},
  maintitle = {8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2012)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Istanbul, Turkey},
  day       = {27},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/12018.html},
  abstract  = {The corpus presented in this article is composed of a limited number of Greek Sign Language (GSL) sentences and was created in order to provide additional data to the already obtained corpus during the first year of the Dicta-Sign project (Matthes et al., 2010). More specifically this corpus intended to serve as the ground upon which a significant part of the recognition process would be tested and evaluated, more precisely, the continuous sign language recognition algorithms developed in the project.
\par
Given the targeted nature of this corpus we present here the constraints as well as the procedure followed in order to obtain it.
\par
The procedure followed for the creation of this corpus, consists of its linguistic design and validation, the studio and hardware acquisition configuration, the implementation and supervision of the acquisition itself and the post-processing and annotation of the obtained data in order to release the set of usable annotated resources. The specific GSL phrase corpus forms the basis for machine learning and training to serve experimentation in the domain of continuous sign language processing and recognition.}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:12025:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Glauert, John and Bowden, Richard and Braffort, Annelies and Collet, Christophe and Maragos, Petros and Lefebvre-Albaret, Fran{\c c}ois},
  title     = {Sign Language technologies and resources of the {Dicta-Sign} project},
  pages     = {37--44},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2012} 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon},
  maintitle = {8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2012)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Istanbul, Turkey},
  day       = {27},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/12025.html},
  abstract  = {Here we present the outcomes of Dicta-Sign FP7-ICT project. Dicta-Sign researched ways to enable communication between Deaf individuals through the development of human-computer interfaces (HCI) for Deaf users, by means of Sign Language. It has researched and developed recognition and synthesis engines for sign languages (SLs) that have brought sign recognition and generation technologies significantly closer to authentic signing. In this context, Dicta-Sign has developed several technologies demonstrated via a sign language aware Web 2.0, combining work from the fields of sign language recognition, sign language animation via avatars and sign language resources and language models development, with the goal of allowing Deaf users to make, edit, and review avatar-based sign language contributions online, similar to the way people nowadays make text-based contributions on the Web.}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:10005:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Kalimeris, Constandinos},
  title     = {Towards decoding Classifier function in {GSL}},
  pages     = {76--79},
  editor    = {Dreuw, Philippe and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Johnston, Trevor and Mart{\'i}nez Ruiz, Gregorio and Schembri, Adam},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2010} 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies},
  maintitle = {7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2010)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Valletta, Malta},
  day       = {22--23},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/10005.html},
  abstract  = {Here we will present work based on a corpus specially designed and elicited in order to provide data for the study of Classifier function in Greek Sign Language (GSL).
\par
Data elicitation was based on presentation to informants of a series of stimuli which lead to utterances entailing the set of Classifier functions met in the language.
\par
The whole set of video recorded data were annotated in order to provide an appropriate corpus for the investigation of Classifier instantiations. Annotation work was complemented by the use of a search tool external to the ELAN environment, which was developed in order to handle the whole of annotated material. This search tool allows to create a data base of annotated video clips, by exploiting the set of classification features used to annotate the video recorded data. Among the attribute-value pairs forming the complete set of annotation features used, the following tiers of annotation were adopted: a) "Discourse Unit", indicating the sentence or utterance in which a classifier is met, b) "CP{\_}{\_}{\_}{\_}" for marking the maximal classifier predicate, c) "CP{\_}GLOSS" to describe the semantic content of classifiers, and d) "HS" with font symbols as values for specifying the handshape or handshapes involved in signing. These tiers provide the necessary information to group pieces of data as to the different classifiers and classifier functions met in GSL, i.e. [Discourse Unit: various types of tables], [CP{\_}MAX: round tables of different sizes], [CP{\_}GLOSS: ROUND, FLAT, SIZE], [HS: D, L, B...].
\par
Theoretical analysis of the so created linguistic data supports formulation of a proposal for Classifier behaviour which differentiates among three distinguished major grammar functions. The key property that allows for a principled account of Classifier behaviour is that Classifiers are semantic markers which create semantic classes of objects recognised to share a set of common semantic features.
\par
In this line, we will argue that Classifiers are morphemes articulated according to SL phonology primes. According to our proposal GSL utilises Classifier morphemes in three distinct ways:\begin{enumerate}\item To create new lexicon items: Classifier affixation adds specific semantic properties to an entity, making it part of the semantic class this specific Classifier identifies.\item To add qualitative/quantitative values: Classifiers function as modifiers adding qualitative/quantitative values to syntactic heads or maximal phrases.\item To serve co-indexing: In sign utterances, Classifiers may be used as pronominal elements, where co-indexing obligatorily involves an expanded set of agreement features which, apart from the standard features "Number" and "Gender", also includes the feature "Semantic Class".\end{enumerate}}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:10027:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Glauert, John and Bowden, Richard and Braffort, Annelies and Collet, Christophe and Maragos, Petros and Goudenove, Fran{\c c}ois},
  title     = {{DICTA-SIGN}: Sign Language Recognition, Generation and Modelling with application in Deaf Communication},
  pages     = {80--83},
  editor    = {Dreuw, Philippe and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Johnston, Trevor and Mart{\'i}nez Ruiz, Gregorio and Schembri, Adam},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2010} 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies},
  maintitle = {7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2010)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Valletta, Malta},
  day       = {22--23},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/10027.html},
  abstract  = {Here we present the components and objectives of the EU funded project DICTA-SIGN. Dicta-Sign (http://www.dictasign.eu) is a three-year research project that involves the Institute for Language and Speech Processing, the University of Hamburg, the University of East Anglia, the University of Surrey, LIMSI/CNRS, the Universit{\'e} Paul Sabatier, the National Technical University of Athens, and WebSourd. It aims to improve the state of web-based communication for Deaf people by allowing the use of sign language in various human-computer interaction scenarios. It researches and develops recognition and synthesis engines for signed languages, aiming at a level of detail necessary for recognizing and generating authentic signing. In this context, Dicta-Sign aims at developing several technologies demonstrated via a sign language-aware Web 2.0. 
\par
Dicta-Sign supports four European sign languages: Greek. British, German, and French Sign Language and differs from previous work in that it aims to integrate tightly recognition, animation, and machine translation. All these components are informed by appropriate linguistic models from the ground up, including phonology, grammar, and non-manual features. 
\par
Expected outputs of the project include:\begin{itemize}\item A parallel multi-lingual corpus for four national sign languages - German, British, French and Greek (DGS, BSL, LSF and GSL respectively),\item A substantial multilingual dictionary of at least 1000 signs for each represented sign language,\item A continuous sign language recognition system that achieves significant improvement in terms of coverage and accuracy of sign recognition in comparison with current technology; furthermore this system will research the novel directions of multimodal sign fusion and signer adaptation,\item A language generation and synthesis component, covering in detail the role of manual, non-manual and placement within signing space,\item Annotation tools which incorporate these technologies providing access to the corpus and whose long term utility can be judged by the up-take by other sign language researchers,\item Three bidirectional integrated prototype systems which show the utility of the system components beyond the annotation tools application,\item A showcase demonstrator which exhibits how integration of the different components can support user communication needs.\end{itemize}}
}

@inproceedings{goulas:10008:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Goulas, Theodoros and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Efthimiou, Eleni and Pissaris, Michalis},
  title     = {{SiS-Builder}: A Sign Synthesis Support Tool},
  pages     = {102--105},
  editor    = {Dreuw, Philippe and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Johnston, Trevor and Mart{\'i}nez Ruiz, Gregorio and Schembri, Adam},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2010} 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies},
  maintitle = {7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2010)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Valletta, Malta},
  day       = {22--23},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/10008.html},
  abstract  = {Here we will present research work performed in the framework of the DICTA-SIGN project, closely related to Sign Language Synthesis and Animation and especially intended to cover for the need of creating lexical resources and evaluating them when performed by a signing avatar. Along these lines, a tool has been created to automatically generate SiGML transcriptions of any given HamNoSys string, as well as the relevant transcription file, by providing the HamNoSys characters of a sign.
\par
Users are allowed to create a phrase of up to 4 sign units, by introducing the corresponding HamNoSys notations in a sequence of appropriate fields. The related xml script is then automatically created, allowing also for on demand storage on the server.
\par
The here reported tool is web based, accessible by everyone, and allows users to interact with it without any special installations on the client side. Users may register, but this is not mandatory for use of the tool. Registered members can save their created scripts on the server in contrary to the non registered ones. Online and offline manuals are available to the users as well as a FAQ facility. 
\par
As regards further tool functionalities, users are also enabled to see the HamNoSys notation of a sign chosen from a validated list of lemmas or by entering the raw xml script in the proper field. Users are able to switch between SiGML data and HamNoSys notations on an instant by just selecting the wished function. This way, it is possible to test/ see the results of creation of a lexical item, either by consulting the HamNoSys sequence, for those familiar with the HamNoSys syntax, or by animating the results through the avatar with the use of the SiGML script.
\par
Users can create HamNoSys sequences by choosing the proper selection on the menu. This is a new feature, enhancing the tool's functionalities, added -upon completion of an evaluation phase- to allow users to create HamNoSys strings on line and then proceed with automatic creation of the corresponding SiGML scripts.
\par
Furthermore, along with the HamNoSys manual characters, users may add non manual characters to the creation of the SiGML script. If needed, users may add more than one movement of a particular body part, i.e. head or shoulders, to make animation look closer to natural signing. 
\par
The final step is creation of the script. The user is then able to copy and paste the script to the avatar page to visualise the results of the created sequence, the latter been performed by the avatar.
\par
Registered users are able to maintain/modify the data created by them. 
\par
The tool is based on open source internet technologies for easy access and compatibility. Technologies that have been used are mostly "php" and "java script".}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:08030:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita},
  title     = {Annotation and Maintenance of the {Greek} {Sign} {Language} Corpus ({GSLC})},
  pages     = {58--63},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Thoutenhoofd, Ernst D. and Zwitserlood, Inge},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2008} 3rd Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Construction and Exploitation of Sign Language Corpora},
  maintitle = {6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2008)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marrakech, Morocco},
  day       = {1},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/08030.html},
  abstract  = {This paper presents the design and development of a representative language corpus for the Greek Sign Language (GSL). Focus is put on the annotation methodology adopted to provide for linguistic information and annotated corpus exploitation for the extraction of a linguistic model intended to support HCI applications based on sign recognition.
\par
The existence of an annotated corpus is a prerequisite for the creation of linguistic resources and for the development of NLP applications for any natural language articulated either orally or through signing. In the case of a sign language corpus, annotation performed on video sequences, is intended to support exploitation of linguistic information conveyed through various combinations of spatial-temporal parameters around the signer's body.
\par
The Greek Sign Language Corpus (GSLC) is been developed in the framework of the national project DIANOEMA (GSRT, M3.3, id 35) that aims at optical analysis and recognition of both static and dynamic signs, incorporating a GSL linguistic model in controlling robot motion. Since no previous GSL corpus is available to meet the requirements of multipurpose use in an HCI environment, the design of GSLC has taken into account annotation requirements as well as linguistic adequacy controls to ensure both corpus-based linguistic analysis and corpus re-usability. Linguistic analysis is a sufficient component for the development of NLP tools that, in the case of signed languages, support deaf accessibility to IT content and services. To effectively support this kind of language intensive operations, linguistic analysis has to derive from safe language data and also provide for an amount of linguistic phenomena, which allow for an adequate description of the language structure. In this context, safe data are defined as data commonly accepted by a specific language community. The design of GSLC content has made a distinction between three parts on the basis of the articulation units to be considered in respect to both linguistic analysis and the sign recognition process.
\par
The first part comprises a list of lemmata which are representative of the use of handshapes as a primary sign formation component. This part of the corpus is developed on the basis of measurements of handshape frequency of use in sign morpheme formation but it has also taken into account the complete set of sign formation parameters. In this sense, in order to provide data for all sign articulation features of GSL, the corpus also includes characteristic lemmata with respect to all manual and non-manual features of the language. The second part of GSLC is composed of sets of controlled utterances, which form paradigms capable to expose the mechanisms GSL uses to expresses specific core grammar phenomena. The grammar coverage that corresponds to this part of the corpus is representative enough to allow for a formal description of the main structural-semantic mechanisms of the language. Finally, the third part of GSLC contains free narration sequences, which are intended to provide data of spontaneous language production and be used for machine learning purposes as regards sign recognition. With respect to data collection, all parts of the corpus have been performed by native signers under controlled conditions that guarantee absence of language interference from the part of the spoken language of the signers' environment. Finally, quality control mechanisms have been applied to ensure data integrity.
\par
In the framework of the current research target, annotation on the GSLC involves, on the one hand, descriptions of the phonological structure of morphemes and, on the other hand, sentence level markers. Sign phonology involves manual and non-manual features of sign formation. For the description of the phonological composition of sign morphemes the HamNoSys coding set is being used along with GSL specific feature coding. Sentence level annotation, except for sentence boundaries, involves phrase boundary marking and grammar information marking related to multi-layer indicators, as is the case of e.g. topicalisation, nominal phrase formation, temporal indicators and sentential negation. Sentence level annotation makes use of the ELAN annotator. Annotation integrity is subject to quality controls that involve both peer and external review by expert annotators.
\par
The GSLC current implementation has foreseen extensibility on all content levels as well as on annotation features, thus, allowing for corpus re-usability in GSL research and HCI applications beyond the scope of a specific research project.
\par
Indicative bibliography
\par
Bowden, R., Windridge, D., Kadir, T., Zisserman, A. {\&} Brady, M. (2004). «A Linguistic Feature Vector for the Visual Interpretation of Sign Language», In Tomas Pajdla, Jiri Matas (Eds), Proc. 8th European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV04. LNCS3022, Springer-Verlag, Volume 1, pp391- 401.
\par
Bellugi, U. {\&} Fischer, S. (1972). «A comparison of Sign language and spoken language: rate and grammatical mechanisms», Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1, 173-200.
\par
Efthimiou, E., Sapountzaki, G., Karpouzis, C. {\&} Fotinea, S-E. (2004). «Developing an e-Learning platform for the Greek Sign Language». Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3118: 1107-1113. Springer.
\par
Efthimiou, E., Fotinea, S-E. {\&} Sapountzaki, G. (2006). «Processing linguistic data for GSL structure representation»,Proc. of the Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Lexicographic matters and didactic scenarios, Satellite Workshop to LREC-2006 Conference, May 28, pp.49-54.
\par
ELAN annotator, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, available at: http://www.mpi.nl/tools/elan.html
\par
Fotinea, S-E., Efthimiou, E., Karpouzis, K. {\&} Caridakis, G. (2005). ``Dynamic GSL synthesis to support access to e-content'', Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (UAHCI 2005), 22-27 July 2005, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
\par
HamNoSys Sign Language Notation System: www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/projects/HamNoSys.html
\par
Karpouzis, K. Caridakis, G., Fotinea, S-E. {\&} Efthimiou, E. (2005). ``Educational Resources and Implementation of a Greek Sign Language Synthesis Architecture'', Computers and Education International Journal, Elsevier, in print, electronically available since Sept 05.
\par
Kraiss, K.-F. (Ed.), (2006). Advanced Man-Machine Interaction - Fundamentals and Implementation. Series: Signals and Communication Technology, Springer.
\par
Stokoe, W. 1978. Sign Language Structure (revised ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Linstok.}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:06010:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Sapountzaki, Galini},
  title     = {Processing Linguistic Data for {GSL} Structure Representation},
  pages     = {49--54},
  editor    = {Vettori, Chiara},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2006} 2nd Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Lexicographic Matters and Didactic Scenarios},
  maintitle = {5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2006)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Genoa, Italy},
  day       = {28},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/06010.html},
  abstract  = {The here presented work reports on incorporation of a core grammar of Greek Sign Language (GSL) into a Greek to GSL conversion tool. The output of conversion feeds a signing avatar, enabling dynamic sign synthesis. Efficient conversion is of significant importance in order to support access to e-content by the Greek deaf community, given that the conversion tool may well be integrated into various applications, which require linguistic knowledge. The converter is built upon standard principles of Machine Translation (MT) and matches Greek parsed input to equivalent GSL output. The transfer module makes use of NLP techniques to enrich linear sign concatenation with GSL-specific complex features uttered both manually and non-manually. GSL features are either checked against properties coded in a lexicon DB for base signs or they are generated by grammar rules. The GSL computational grammar is based on natural data analysis in order to capture the generative characteristics of the language. The conversion grammar of the transfer module, however, makes use of a number of heuristic solutions. This is implicated by the type of input for conversion, which derives from a statistical shallow parser, so that various semantic features have to be retrieved by mere grouping of lemmata. However, this type of input is directly connected with the requirement for fast processing of vast amounts of linguistic information.}
}

@inproceedings{efthimiou:04010:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Steinhauer, Gregory},
  title     = {Multipurpose Design and Creation of {GSL} Dictionaries},
  pages     = {51--58},
  editor    = {Streiter, Oliver and Vettori, Chiara},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2004} Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: From {SignWriting} to Image Processing. Information techniques and their implications for teaching, documentation and communication},
  maintitle = {4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2004)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Lisbon, Portugal},
  day       = {30},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/04010.html},
  abstract  = {In this paper we present the methodology of data collection and implementation of databases with the purpose to create extensive lexical and terminological resources for the Greek Sign Language (GSL). The focus is on issues of linguistic content validation, multipurpose design and reusability of resources, exemplified by the multimedia dictionary products of the projects NOEMA (1999- 2001) and PROKLISI (2002-2004). As far as data collection methodology, DB design and resources development are concerned, a clear distinction is made between general language lexical items and terms, since the creation of resources for the two types of data undergoes different methodological principles, lexeme formation and usage conditions. There is also reference to content and interface evaluation mechanisms, as well as to basic linguistic research carried out for the support of lexicographical work.}
}

@inproceedings{dimou:70021:sltat:lrec,
  author    = {Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Papavassiliou, Vassilis and McDonald, John C. and Goulas, Theodoros and Vasilaki, Kyriaki and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Efthimiou, Eleni and Wolfe, Rosalee},
  title     = {Signing Avatar Performance Evaluation within {EASIER} Project},
  pages     = {39--44},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and McDonald, John C. and Shterionov, Dimitar and Wolfe, Rosalee},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Sign Language Translation and Avatar Technology: The Junction of the Visual and the Textual: Challenges and Perspectives},
  maintitle = {13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2022)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marseille, France},
  day       = {24},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2022},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-82-5},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/2022.sltat-1.6.html},
  abstract  = {The direct involvement of deaf users in the development and evaluation of signing avatars is imperative to achieve legibility and raise trust among synthetic signing technology consumers. A paradigm of constructive cooperation between researchers and the deaf community is the EASIER project , where user driven design and technology development have already started producing results. One major goal of the project is the direct involvement of sign language (SL) users at every stage of development of the project's signing avatar. As developers wished to consider every parameter of SL articulation including affect and prosody in developing the EASIER SL representation engine, it was necessary to develop a steady communication channel with a wide public of SL users who may act as evaluators and can provide guidance throughout research steps, both during the project's end-user evaluation cycles and beyond. To this end, we have developed a questionnaire-based methodology, which enables researchers to reach signers of different SL communities on-line and collect their guidance and preferences on all aspects of SL avatar animation that are under study. In this paper, we report on the methodology behind the application of the EASIER evaluation framework for end-user guidance in signing avatar development as it is planned to address signers of four SLs -Greek Sign Language (GSL), French Sign Language (LSF), German Sign Language (DGS) and Swiss German Sign Language (DSGS)- during the first project evaluation cycle. We also briefly report on some interesting findings from the pilot implementation of the questionnaire with content from the Greek Sign Language (GSL).}
}

@inproceedings{papadimitriou:70026:sltat:lrec,
  author    = {Papadimitriou, Katerina and Potamianos, Gerasimos and Sapountzaki, Galini and Goulas, Theodoros and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Maragos, Petros},
  title     = {{Greek} {Sign} {Language} Recognition for the {SL-ReDu} Learning Platform},
  pages     = {79--84},
  editor    = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and McDonald, John C. and Shterionov, Dimitar and Wolfe, Rosalee},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Sign Language Translation and Avatar Technology: The Junction of the Visual and the Textual: Challenges and Perspectives},
  maintitle = {13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2022)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marseille, France},
  day       = {24},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2022},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-82-5},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/2022.sltat-1.12.html},
  abstract  = {There has been increasing interest lately in developing education tools for sign language (SL) learning that enable self-assessment and objective evaluation of learners' SL productions, assisting both students and their instructors. Crucially, such tools require the automatic recognition of SL videos, while operating in a signer-independent fashion and under realistic recording conditions. Here, we present an early version of a Greek Sign Language (GSL) recognizer that satisfies the above requirements, and integrate it within the SL-ReDu learning platform that constitutes a first in GSL with recognition functionality. We develop the recognition module incorporating state-of-the-art deep-learning based visual detection, feature extraction, and classification, designing it to accommodate a medium-size vocabulary of isolated signs and continuously fingerspelled letter sequences. We train the module on a specifically recorded GSL corpus of multiple signers by a web-cam in non-studio conditions, and conduct both multi-signer and signer-independent recognition experiments, reporting high accuracies. Finally, we let student users evaluate the learning platform during GSL production exercises, reporting very satisfactory objective and subjective assessments based on recognition performance and collected questionnaires, respectively.}
}

@inproceedings{fotinea-etal-2016-multimodal:lrec,
  author    = {Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Efthimiou, Eleni and Koutsombogera, Maria and Dimou, Athanasia-Lida and Goulas, Theodoros and Vasilaki, Kyriaki},
  title     = {Multimodal Resources for Human-Robot Communication Modelling},
  pages     = {3455--3460},
  editor    = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Goggi, Sara and Grobelnik, Marko and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios},
  booktitle = {10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Portoro{\v z}, Slovenia},
  day       = {23--28},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2016},
  isbn      = {978-2-9517408-9-1},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://aclanthology.org/L16-1551},
  abstract  = {This paper reports on work related to the modelling of Human-Robot Communication on the basis of multimodal and multisensory human behaviour analysis. A primary focus in this framework of analysis is the definition of semantics of human actions in interaction, their capture and their representation in terms of behavioural patterns that, in turn, feed a multimodal human-robot communication system. Semantic analysis encompasses both oral and sign languages, as well as both verbal and non-verbal communicative signals to achieve an effective, natural interaction between elderly users with slight walking and cognitive inability and an assistive robotic platform.}
}