@inproceedings{krebs-etal-2024-motion:lrec,
  author    = {Krebs, Julia and Malaia, Evie A. and Fessl, Isabella and Wiesinger, Hans-Peter and Roehm, Dietmar and Wilbur, Ronnie and Schwameder, Hermann},
  title     = {Motion Capture Analysis of Verb and Adjective Types in Austrian Sign Language ({\"O}GS)},
  pages     = {11619--11624},
  editor    = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Kan, Min-Yen and Hoste, Veronique and Lenci, Alessandro and Sakti, Sakriani and Xue, Nianwen},
  booktitle = {2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC-COLING} 2024)},
  publisher = {{ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA) and the International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL)}},
  address   = {Torino, Italy},
  day       = {20--25},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  isbn      = {978-2-493814-10-4},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1015},
  abstract  = {Across a number of sign languages, temporal and spatial characteristics of dominant hand articulation are used to express semantic and grammatical features. In this study of Austrian Sign Language ({\"O}sterreichische Geb{\"a}rdensprache, or {\"O}GS), motion capture data of four Deaf signers is used to quantitatively characterize the kinematic parameters of sign production in verbs and adjectives. We investigate (1) the difference in production between verbs involving a natural endpoint (telic verbs; e.g. arrive) and verbs lacking an endpoint (atelic verbs; e.g. analyze), and (2) adjective signs in intensified vs. non-intensified (plain) forms. Motion capture data analysis using linear-mixed effects models (LME) indicates that both the endpoint marking in verbs, as well as marking of intensification in adjectives, are expressed by movement modulation in {\"O}GS. While the semantic distinction between verb types (telic/atelic) is marked by higher peak velocity and shorter duration for telic signs compared to atelic ones, the grammatical distinction (intensification) in adjectives is expressed by longer duration for intensified compared to non-intensified adjectives. The observed individual differences of signers might be interpreted as personal signing style.}
}

@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-sign:lrec,
  author    = {Yu, Shi and Geraci, Carlo and Abner, Natasha},
  title     = {Sign Languages and the Online World Online Dictionaries {\&} Lexicostatistics},
  pages     = {4235--4240},
  editor    = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Cieri, Christopher and Declerck, Thierry and Goggi, Sara and Hasida, Koiti and Isahara, Hitoshi and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Mazo,  H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tokunaga, Takenobu},
  booktitle = {11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2018)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Miyazaki, Japan},
  day       = {7--12},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2018},
  isbn      = {979-10-95546-00-9},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://aclanthology.org/L18-1668}
}

@inproceedings{lackner:14005:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Lackner, Andrea and Riemer Kankkonen, Nikolaus},
  title     = {Signing thoughts! A methodological approach within the semantic field work used for coding nonmanuals which express modality in {Austrian} {Sign} {Language} ({{\"O}GS})},
  pages     = {100--104},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2014} 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel},
  maintitle = {9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2014)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Reykjavik, Iceland},
  day       = {31},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/14005.html},
  abstract  = {Signing thoughts gives the possibility to express unreal situations, possibilities and so forth. Also, signers may express their attitude on these thoughts such as being uncertain about an imagined situation. We describe a methodological approach within the semantic field work which was used for identifying nonmanuals in Austrian Sign Language (÷GS) which tend to occur in thoughts and which may code (epistemic and deontic) modality. First, the process of recording short stories which very likely include lines of thoughts is shown. Second, the annotation process and the outcome of this process is described. The findings show that in almost all cases the different annotators identified the same non-manual movements/positions and the same starting and ending points of these nonmanuals in association with the lexical entries. The direction of motion was distinguished by a contrast of movement. Some nonmanuals were distinguished due to intensified performance, size of performance, speed of performance, an additional movement component, or additional body tension. Finally, we present nonmanuals which frequently occur in signed thoughts. These include various epistemic markers, a deontic marker, indicators which show the hypothetical nature of signed thoughts, and an interrogative marker which is different to interrogative markers in direct questions.}
}

@inproceedings{wheatley:10040:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Wheatley, Mark and Pabsch, Annika},
  title     = {Sign Language in {Europe}},
  pages     = {251--254},
  editor    = {Dreuw, Philippe and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Johnston, Trevor and Mart{\'i}nez Ruiz, Gregorio and Schembri, Adam},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2010} 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies},
  maintitle = {7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2010)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Valletta, Malta},
  day       = {22--23},
  month     = may,
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/10040.html},
  abstract  = {Sign languages across the globe are fully-fledged languages that differ between Deaf communities throughout Europe and the world. A recent survey by the European Union of the Deaf gathered that there are about 650,000 sign language users in the EU for whom using a sign language is the only way to communicate and have equal access. It is therefore crucial to legally recognise national sign languages. Being treated equally without prejudice also with regards to language is a basic Human Right as postulated in the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Other rights, such as the right to education and a fair trial can only be guaranteed if sign languages are recognised as distinct languages in order to provide sign language interpreters and education in sign language. At EU level, a number of documents and Resolutions have been adopted but so far only three European countries have recognised sign language at constitutional level: Austria, Finland and Portugal. Other countries, such as Hungary and Spain have taken other legal measures to protect their sign languages. Although Europe's sign languages enjoy some recognition, sign language users across Europe are still lacking legal protection at the same level as other minorities.}
}

@inproceedings{krammer:08029:sign-lang:lrec,
  author    = {Krammer, Klaudia and Bergmeister, Elisabeth and Bornholdt, Silke and Dotter, Franz and Hausch, Christian and Hilzensauer, Marlene and Pirker, Anita and Skant, Andrea and Unterberger, Natalie},
  title     = {The {Klagenfurt} lexicon database for sign languages as a web application: A free sign language database for international use},
  pages     = {105--111},
  editor    = {Crasborn, Onno and Efthimiou, Eleni and Hanke, Thomas and Thoutenhoofd, Ernst D. and Zwitserlood, Inge},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2008} 3rd Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Construction and Exploitation of Sign Language Corpora},
  maintitle = {6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2008)},
  publisher = {{European Language Resources Association (ELRA)}},
  address   = {Marrakech, Morocco},
  day       = {1},
  month     = jun,
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {english},
  url       = {https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lrec/pub/08029.html},
  abstract  = {Klagenfurt University has created a database which is described in Sign Language {\&} Linguistics 4 (2001), 191-201. The objective of turning it into a web application was to offer our database for sign languages and users all over the world. In accordance with the self-conception of the Internet community and the rules of linguistic ethics, this is a basic service for sign language communities: the database can be used for free for non-commercial deaf and scientific issues.
\par
As for the procedure: In order to add a sign language to the database, you need to provide a legitimation from the respective deaf organisation (i.e. of those people who use the sign language in question regionally or nationally), then you will be authorised to enter the data for this sign language into the database. By entering data you open them for communities of deaf people, scientists, and learners.
\par
The data of the sign languages entered in the database will be stored on a Klagenfurt server. There is no limitation on calling up sign language data (searching for a certain sign or parameter value(s) etc.). For downloading videos, the users have to disclose their identity.
\par
Main characteristics of the database
\par
The database is designed in a way that everything which should appear in any monolingual or bilingual dictionary can be entered. All descriptive categories are as closely related to phenomena as possible. The analysis of the categories does not have to follow a strictly linear procedure or any assumed phonological or grammatical hierarchy. Additionally it offers:\begin{itemize}\item Openness of the sets of categories and their values (the users can add new categories or values to the database at their discretion). They can also translate the English terms of the description language into any other language which uses an alphabet.\item Quick production of entries: In order to enable the users to enter signs as fast as possible, we provide the possibility of a "minimum entry": it is sufficient to enter only one item, e.g. a single meaning, and then to store the sign video. The entries can then be amended later on.\end{itemize}
\par
Fields of data types within the database\item Type of sign (e.g. one-handed or two-handed symmetrical/asymmetrical; hand shape, location, orientation, type of contact, type of movement, intensity, etc.)\item Non-manual component: facial gestures, mouth gestures, body orientation, eye gaze, etc.\item Semantics: translation equivalents for a bilingual dictionary or explanation in the respective sign language for a monolingual dictionary); connotations or sign etymologies can also be added.\item Pragmatics: use, collocations, or idioms can be documented with video examples.\item Text/context examples\item Morphosyntax: categories of parts of speech, coding properties (e.g. morphological changes or position in a sentence or phrase) and syntactic functions\item Word field(s).}
}